Plunging pound and crumbling confidence: How the new UK government stumbled into a political and financial crisis of its own making
- Written by David McMillan, Professor in Finance, University of Stirling
The new British government is off to a very rocky start – after stumbling through an economic and financial crisis of its own making.
Just a few weeks into its term on Sept. 23, 2022, Prime Minister Liz Truss’ government released a so-called mini-budget that proposed £161 billion[1] – about US$184 billion at today’s rate – in new spending and the biggest tax cuts in half a century[2], with the benefits mainly going to Britain’s top earners[3]. The aim was to jump-start growth in an economy on the verge of recession[4], but the government didn’t indicate how it would pay for it – or provide evidence that the spending and tax cuts would actually work.
Financial markets reacted badly, prompting interest rates to soar[5] and the pound to plunge to the lowest level against the dollar since 1985. The Bank of England was forced to gobble up government bonds[6] to avoid a financial crisis.
After days of defending the plan, the government did a U-turn[7] of sorts on Oct. 3 by scrapping the most controversial component of the budget – elimination of its top 45% tax rate on high earners. This calmed markets, leading to a rally in the pound and government bonds.
As a finance professor[8] who tracks markets closely, I believe at the heart of this mini-crisis over the mini-budget was a lack of confidence – and now a lack of credibility.
A looming recession
Truss’ government inherited a troubled economy[9].
Growth has been sluggish, with the latest quarterly figure at 0.2%. The Bank of England predicts[10] the U.K. will soon enter a recession that could last until 2024. The latest data on U.K. manufacturing shows the sector is contracting[11].
Consumer confidence is at its lowest level ever as soaring inflation – currently at an annualized pace of 9.9%[12] – drives up the cost of living, especially for food and fuel. At the same time, real, inflation-adjusted wages are falling by a record amount[13], or around 3%.
It’s important to note that many countries in the world, including the U.S. and in mainland Europe, are experiencing the same problems of low growth and high inflation. But rumblings in the background in the U.K. are also other weaknesses.
Since the financial crisis of 2008, the U.K. has suffered from lower productivity[14] compared with other major economies. Business investment plateaued after Brexit in 2016 – when a slim majority of voters chose to leave[15] the European Union – and remains significantly below pre-COVID-19 levels. And the U.K. also consistently runs a balance of payments deficit[16], which means the country imports a lot more goods and services than it exports, with a trade deficit of over 5% of gross domestic product.
In other words, investors were already predisposed to view the long-term trajectory of the U.K. economy and the British pound in a negative light.
An ambitious agenda
Truss, who became prime minister on Sept. 6, 2022, also didn’t have a strong start politically.
The government of Boris Johnson lost the confidence of his party and the electorate after a series of scandals, including accusations he mishandled sexual abuse allegations[17] and revelations about parties being held in government offices[18] while the country was in lockdown.
Truss was not the preferred candidate[19] of lawmakers in her own Conservative Party, who had the task of submitting two choices for the wider party membership to vote on. The rest of the party – dues-paying members of the general public – chose Truss. The lack of support from Conservative members of Parliament meant she wasn’t in a position of strength coming into the job.
Nonetheless, the new cabinet had an ambitious agenda[20] of cutting taxes and deregulating energy and business.
Some of the decisions, laid out in the mini-budget[21], were expected, such as subsidies limiting higher energy prices, reversing an increase in social security taxes and a planned increase in the corporate tax rate.
But others, notably a plan to abolish the 45% tax rate on incomes over £150,000, were not anticipated by markets. Since there were no explicit spending cuts cited, funding for the £161 billion package was expected to come from selling more debt. There was also the threat[22] that this would be paid for, in part, by lower welfare payments at a time when poorer Britons are suffering from the soaring cost of living. The fear of welfare cuts is putting more pressure[23] on the Truss government.
A collapse in confidence
Even as the new U.K. Chancellor of the Exchequer Kwasi Kwarteng was presenting the mini-budget on Sept. 23, the British pound was already getting hammered. It sank from $1.13 the day before the proposal to as low as $1.03 in intraday trading on Sept. 26[25]. Yields on 10-year government bonds, known as gilts, jumped from about 3.5% to 4.5%[26] – the highest level since 2008 – in the same period.
The jump in rates prompted mortgage lenders to suspend deals[27] with new customers, eventually offering them again at significantly higher borrowing costs. There were fears that this would lead to a crash[28] in the housing market.
In addition, the drop in gilt prices led to a crisis in pension funds[29], putting them at risk of insolvency.
Many members of Truss’ party voiced opposition[30] to the high levels of borrowing likely necessary to finance the tax cuts and spending and said they would vote against the package[31].
The International Monetary Fund, which bailed out the U.K. in 1976[32], even offered its figurative two cents[33] on the tax cuts, urging the government to “reevaluate[34]” the plan. The comments further spooked investors[35].
To prevent a broader crisis in financial markets, the Bank of England stepped in and pledged to purchase up to £65 billion[36] in government bonds.
Besides causing investors to lose faith, the crisis also severely dented the public’s confidence in the U.K. government. The latest polls showed the opposition Labour Party enjoying a 24-point lead[37], on average, over the Conservatives.
So the government likely had little choice but to reverse course and drop the most controversial part[38] of the plan, the abolition of the 45% tax rate. The pound recovered its losses. The recovery in gilts was more modest, with bonds still trading at elevated levels.
Putting this all together, less than a month into the job, Truss has lost confidence – and credibility – with international investors, voters and her own party. And all this over a “mini-budget” – the full budget isn’t due until November 2022. It suggests the U.K.‘s troubles are far from over, a view echoed by credit rating agencies[39].
References
- ^ proposed £161 billion (www.bloomberg.com)
- ^ biggest tax cuts in half a century (finance.yahoo.com)
- ^ mainly going to Britain’s top earners (fullfact.org)
- ^ verge of recession (www.bankofengland.co.uk)
- ^ interest rates to soar (theconversation.com)
- ^ was forced to gobble up government bonds (theconversation.com)
- ^ did a U-turn (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ finance professor (scholar.google.com)
- ^ inherited a troubled economy (theconversation.com)
- ^ Bank of England predicts (www.bankofengland.co.uk)
- ^ the sector is contracting (tradingeconomics.com)
- ^ currently at an annualized pace of 9.9% (www.ons.gov.uk)
- ^ wages are falling by a record amount (www.cnbc.com)
- ^ has suffered from lower productivity (www.economist.com)
- ^ slim majority of voters chose to leave (www.bbc.com)
- ^ balance of payments deficit (www.ons.gov.uk)
- ^ accusations he mishandled sexual abuse allegations (www.yahoo.com)
- ^ parties being held in government offices (theconversation.com)
- ^ not the preferred candidate (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ had an ambitious agenda (apnews.com)
- ^ laid out in the mini-budget (www.bbc.com)
- ^ There was also the threat (www.bbc.com)
- ^ putting more pressure (www.bbc.co.uk)
- ^ AP Photo/Kirsty Wigglesworth (newsroom.ap.org)
- ^ as low as $1.03 in intraday trading on Sept. 26 (www.npr.org)
- ^ jumped from about 3.5% to 4.5% (www.marketwatch.com)
- ^ prompted mortgage lenders to suspend deals (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ There were fears that this would lead to a crash (www.thetimes.co.uk)
- ^ led to a crisis in pension funds (www.ft.com)
- ^ voiced opposition (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ said they would vote against the package (www.bbc.co.uk)
- ^ bailed out the U.K. in 1976 (theconversation.com)
- ^ offered its figurative two cents (www.imf.org)
- ^ reevaluate (www.imf.org)
- ^ further spooked investors (theconversation.com)
- ^ stepped in and pledged to purchase up to £65 billion (theconversation.com)
- ^ enjoying a 24-point lead (theconversation.com)
- ^ reverse course and drop the most controversial part (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ view echoed by credit rating agencies (www.ft.com)
Authors: David McMillan, Professor in Finance, University of Stirling
