Access to reproductive health care has been harder for Black and brown women – overturning Roe made it harder
- Written by Kimala Price, Professor of Women’s Studies, San Diego State University
In a mere few days after the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to overturn Roe v. Wade[1] in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization[2], at least seven states[3] banned abortion.
And even though judges blocked[4] the enforcement of “trigger” abortion bans[5] in three states, more bans in other states are expected in the coming weeks. It is believed that 26 states[6] are likely to ban abortions.
Abortion will likely remain legal in 20 states[7] – and the District of Columbia – with 14 of these states having recently enacted legislation that has enhanced access to abortion.
What will be the impact of these bans, especially on women of color and other marginalized communities?
As a scholar[8] who studies reproductive policy and politics, reproductive justice and social movements, I have always been aware that even when Roe was in place, women of color, women in rural areas and women in poverty have had difficulty obtaining reproductive health services, including abortion.
Additionally, the debate over abortion often overshadows the other reproductive health inequities, such as high pregnancy-related complications and deaths, that women of color face.
This recent decision will only widen these gaps.
Reproductive health inequities
Since the early 1980s, there has been a general decline[9] in the abortion rate in the United States, despite claims to the contrary by anti-abortion advocates.
The rate went from 29.3 abortions per 1,000 women ages 15-44 in 1981 to 13.5 per 1,000 women in 2017.
However, African American and Latina women do have disproportionately higher rates[10] of abortion than their white counterparts.
The abortion rate for white women is 6.6 abortions per 1,000, while the rates for African American women – 23.8 per 1,000 – and Latinas – 11.6 per 1,000 – are three times and twice that rate, respectively.
Additionally, low-income women[11] account for 75% of all abortion procedures.
According to public health researchers Christine Dehlendorf, Lisa H. Harris and Tracy A. Weitz[13], these higher rates are attributed to the higher rates of unintended pregnancies[14] among these groups, which itself is attributed to limited access to health services.
Poor people and people of color are more likely to live in contraceptive “deserts[15],” places where the number of health centers offering the full range of contraceptive methods is not enough to meet the contraceptive needs of the people who live in those places.
The proliferation of these deserts[16] was worsened by policies enacted by the Trump-Pence administration that limited family planning funding[17] to clinics.
Reproductive health inequities go beyond abortion.
The infant mortality rates[18] among African Americans, Native Americans and Native Alaskans are very high.
The mortality rate for white infants is 4.5 deaths per 100,000 live births, compared with 10.6 for African American infants and 7.9 for Native Americans/Native Alaskan infants.
Additionally, African American, Native American and Native Alaskan women are the most likely to die from pregnancy-related complications[19].
As a study by Lynn Paltrow and Jeanne Flavin[20] has shown, poor women of color are the most likely to be arrested and prosecuted[21] for homicide, manslaughter and child endangerment while pregnant.
These charges[22] are often made after a woman has terminated a pregnancy, refused to consent to a medically unnecessary cesarean section, endured a miscarriage or stillbirth or tested positive for illegal drug use.
There is also the troubling history of the systematic, coercive sterilization of women of color in the U.S. Women of color and other social groups have had to fight just as hard for the right to have children as for the right to not have them.
By 1937, 32 states had enacted laws that authorized the sterilization[23] of people who were deemed “unfit” to reproduce, including immigrants, racial and ethnic minorities, poor people, unmarried women, people with disabilities, people with mental health issues and people with criminal records.
As historian Alexandra Stern[24] explains, this practice was viewed as “a necessary public health intervention that would protect society from deleterious genes and the social and economic costs of managing ‘degenerate stock.’”
Scholars have documented the history of sterilization abuse among women of color in the 20th century, including women of Mexican and Mexican American[25] heritage in Southern California, African American women[26] in the South, Native American women[27] using Indian Health Services and women in Puerto Rico[28].
Many were sterilized without their full, informed consent.
Although most of these formal sterilization laws were abolished by the mid-1980s, this practice, unfortunately, is still happening, as reports about sterilization abuse in detention centers[29] run by Immigration and Customs Enforcement have surfaced.
A post-Roe, post-Dobbs world
In the coming months and years, we will see more women traveling to terminate their pregnancies – to states such as California, Colorado and New York, where abortion is likely to remain legal.
But long-distance travel may not be a viable option for those who cannot afford the costs or time off from work or who may not be able to secure child care for their children.
Studies have shown that travel distance[30] is a major barrier to obtaining abortions, as women will forgo an abortion if they must travel more than 50 miles to the nearest clinic.
As with their pre-Roe predecessors, many women may decide to self-induce abortions[31] out of necessity and desperation.
This can make them even more vulnerable to charges[32] of fetal homicide if they are discovered.
Studies have also shown that unsafe abortions[34] can lead to serious health risks, including hemorrhage, infection, infertility and death.
Anti-abortion advocates have pushed adoption as a solution[35] for unintended pregnancy, but this is not a realistic option for people of color.
Among the more than 400,000 children[36] in the foster care system, children of color[37] are the least likely to be adopted.
These children linger in the foster care system[38].
Erosion of rights
In his concurring opinion in Dobbs, Justice Clarence Thomas[39] argued that the court should reconsider reversing other related landmark rulings, including access to contraception in Griswold v. Connecticut[40], LGBTQ+ sexual behavior and sodomy laws in Lawrence v. Texas[41] and same-sex marriage in Obergefell v. Hodges[42].
Thomas’ sentiments reveal a broader ultraconservative agenda to roll back the social and political gains that marginalized communities have won since the 1960s.
In my view, if Thomas gets his wish, women of color will see further erosion of their personal autonomy and right to make the fundamental decisions about the most intimate aspects of their lives.
References
- ^ Roe v. Wade (tile.loc.gov)
- ^ Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (www.supremecourt.gov)
- ^ seven states (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ blocked (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ “trigger” abortion bans (www.cnn.com)
- ^ 26 states (www.guttmacher.org)
- ^ remain legal in 20 states (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ As a scholar (womensstudies.sdsu.edu)
- ^ general decline (www.pewresearch.org)
- ^ disproportionately higher rates (www.pewresearch.org)
- ^ low-income women (www.guttmacher.org)
- ^ Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ Christine Dehlendorf, Lisa H. Harris and Tracy A. Weitz (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ unintended pregnancies (www.guttmacher.org)
- ^ deserts (doi.org)
- ^ deserts (doi.org)
- ^ family planning funding (opa.hhs.gov)
- ^ infant mortality rates (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ pregnancy-related complications (www.cdc.gov)
- ^ Lynn Paltrow and Jeanne Flavin (lawprofessors.typepad.com)
- ^ arrested and prosecuted (read.dukeupress.edu)
- ^ charges (read.dukeupress.edu)
- ^ sterilization (www.rutgersuniversitypress.org)
- ^ Alexandra Stern (www.ucpress.edu)
- ^ women of Mexican and Mexican American (utpress.utexas.edu)
- ^ African American women (www.penguinrandomhouse.com)
- ^ Native American women (www.rutgersuniversitypress.org)
- ^ Puerto Rico (www.rutgersuniversitypress.org)
- ^ detention centers (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ travel distance (jamanetwork.com)
- ^ self-induce abortions (www.npr.org)
- ^ charges (www.guttmacher.org)
- ^ Tasos Katopodis/Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ unsafe abortions (www.who.int)
- ^ pushed adoption as a solution (www.theatlantic.com)
- ^ 400,000 children (www.acf.hhs.gov)
- ^ children of color (www.adoptuskids.org)
- ^ linger in the foster care system (www.ncsl.org)
- ^ Justice Clarence Thomas (www.politico.com)
- ^ Griswold v. Connecticut (www.oyez.org)
- ^ Lawrence v. Texas (www.oyez.org)
- ^ Obergefell v. Hodges (www.oyez.org)
Authors: Kimala Price, Professor of Women’s Studies, San Diego State University
