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  • Written by Elizabeth K. Anthony, Associate Professor of Social Work, Arizona State University
Does hardening schools make students safer?

The first real possibility for federal firearms legislation in decades has been sketched out by a bipartisan group[1] of senators.

It comes in the wake of the May 23, 2022, school shooting in Uvalde, Texas[2], in which an 18-year-old gunman killed 19 children and two teachers before himself being killed in a gunfire exchange[3] with police.

Perhaps inspired by concerns that the shooter entered the school through a door whose lock malfunctioned[4], and faced few other barriers or restrictions during his attack, the bipartisan proposal[5] would boost both physical security measures and the number of mental health workers[6] in schools. It could come on top of US$1 billion in proposed funding to hire more school counselors, nurses, social workers and school psychologists[7].

Another approach popular among some politicians[8] to increase school safety is so-called school hardening[9]. Hardening encompasses a wide range of physical defenses[10], such as surveillance cameras, metal detectors, door-locking systems, arming teachers and even armed guards. In the weeks following the Uvalde shooting, support for arming teachers[11] and employing police officers in schools has been renewed by leaders from both political parties.

The Uvalde shooting, like every school shooting, raises questions and concerns for parents and community members about how schools might be able to deter a prospective shooter from attacking. Sadly, my research[12] and the research of others[13] finds that there is no way[14] that schools can become so secure as to prevent gun violence.

Addressing the threats

As a professor[15] researching school safety and child trauma, I study how environments help or hinder healthy growth and development. School is an important environment to consider since kids spend more than six hours at school[16] each day with their peers and teachers.

Researchers like me use the term school climate[17] to describe the attitudes, beliefs, values and expectations that hold together school life[18], and the extent to which members of the community endorse them. While physical security features affect students’ perceptions of school safety, school climate[19] and the actions of teachers and staff also factor into feelings of safety.

School security is big business

School security has become a major industry in the United States. Each year, more than $2.7 billion[20] are spent on hardening schools.

But there is currently no conclusive evidence[21] that any of these measures prevent school shootings. In some cases, attackers have shot out windows to enter the building or triggered fire alarms[22] to cause the school’s occupants to exit. Schools’ attempts to make students safer don’t actually do that[23], and cost schools money[24] that could help increase staff and better equip classrooms for learning.

Even inexpensive fixes that safety professionals[25] consider best practices[26], like locking exterior doors, are of limited effectiveness[27]. Door-locking policies[28] are not always enforced. Or, as in the Uvalde shooting, the equipment meant to keep doors locked malfunctioned[29]. All this spending and activity may give students and teachers a false sense of security[30].

Missed opportunities

School administrators feel pressure to make quick decisions[31] about security, often based on limited or poor information[32].

When they buy equipment, administrators may fall prey to the idea that the systems are taking care of things, so the people don’t need to prepare[33].

In addition, enforcing police officers, metal detectors and other punitive measures at schools[34] can increase school violence for historically marginalized students[35], spur higher rates of disciplinary action[36] against students and reduce the availability of extracurricular activities[37].

In addition to not being effective in reducing gun violence, an overreliance on surveillance strategies[38] may make students feel less safe at school. The presence of metal detectors[39] has complicated effects and contradictory research findings. For example, metal detectors[40] may increase students’ feelings of fear and may also violate privacy. At the same time, they may reduce the number of weapons[41] brought on campus.

Another complicated response is lockdown drills. While some research suggests they can be effective[42] at preventing school violence and preparing students to respond to a range of emergency scenarios, other research suggests these drills may confuse children and increase fear and anxiety[43].

Using evidence to protect schools

Complicating the notion of hardening access to school buildings is the fact that about half of school shootings[44] are carried out by people within the school community – students, alumni, staff or family members – who would likely be allowed into the school and permitted to pass through various security checks.

School safety[45] is not just a physical challenge, but a psychological one too[46].

A comprehensive approach to school safety actively engages students, teachers and parents, identifies high-risk individuals[47] using threat assessment[48] techniques, and instructs teachers and administrators to refer these students to mental health services[49].

Increasing school-based mental health services is a proven way to increase school safety and promote a positive school climate[50], and includes teaching students conflict management and emotional coping skills. Research suggests that these efforts support the well-being of students[51], thereby increasing school safety. These services can also help school communities deal with trauma in the aftermath of violence.

Helping schools become ready[52] to implement a comprehensive approach[53] is an important task. Many schools lack the financial resources[54] to pay for those programs and services.

The new legislation[55] provides an opportunity. Schools have historically struggled[56] to fund an adequate number of counselors and social workers[57] for the needs of the school community. Particularly as COVID-19 relief funds are drying up[58], schools are scrambling to hire and retain sufficient mental health staff. The new federal proposal could help fund those efforts[59].

Schools cannot be hardened enough to prevent gun violence. Schools can, however, become more physically and psychologically safe so students can learn and thrive[60].

References

  1. ^ sketched out by a bipartisan group (www.washingtonpost.com)
  2. ^ school shooting in Uvalde, Texas (apnews.com)
  3. ^ killed in a gunfire exchange (www.statesman.com)
  4. ^ door whose lock malfunctioned (whyy.org)
  5. ^ bipartisan proposal (www.murphy.senate.gov)
  6. ^ physical security measures and the number of mental health workers (www.axios.com)
  7. ^ hire more school counselors, nurses, social workers and school psychologists (www2.ed.gov)
  8. ^ popular among some politicians (thehill.com)
  9. ^ school hardening (www.chalkbeat.org)
  10. ^ wide range of physical defenses (doi.org)
  11. ^ support for arming teachers (www.texastribune.org)
  12. ^ my research (theconversation.com)
  13. ^ research of others (doi.org)
  14. ^ no way (doi.org)
  15. ^ professor (scholar.google.com)
  16. ^ six hours at school (nces.ed.gov)
  17. ^ school climate (doi.org)
  18. ^ school life (doi.org)
  19. ^ school climate (doi.org)
  20. ^ $2.7 billion (www.the74million.org)
  21. ^ no conclusive evidence (doi.org)
  22. ^ triggered fire alarms (doi.org)
  23. ^ don’t actually do that (doi.org)
  24. ^ cost schools money (eric.ed.gov)
  25. ^ safety professionals (www.openpath.com)
  26. ^ best practices (www.texastribune.org)
  27. ^ limited effectiveness (doi.org)
  28. ^ Door-locking policies (safeandsoundschools.org)
  29. ^ malfunctioned (whyy.org)
  30. ^ false sense of security (doi.org)
  31. ^ make quick decisions (doi.org)
  32. ^ limited or poor information (doi.org)
  33. ^ so the people don’t need to prepare (dx.doi.org)
  34. ^ police officers, metal detectors and other punitive measures at schools (doi.org)
  35. ^ school violence for historically marginalized students (doi.org)
  36. ^ higher rates of disciplinary action (doi.org)
  37. ^ reduce the availability of extracurricular activities (doi.org)
  38. ^ overreliance on surveillance strategies (psycnet.apa.org)
  39. ^ presence of metal detectors (doi.org)
  40. ^ metal detectors (doi.org)
  41. ^ reduce the number of weapons (doi.org)
  42. ^ they can be effective (doi.org)
  43. ^ increase fear and anxiety (doi.org)
  44. ^ about half of school shootings (www.gao.gov)
  45. ^ School safety (doi.org)
  46. ^ psychological one too (doi.org)
  47. ^ identifies high-risk individuals (rossier.usc.edu)
  48. ^ threat assessment (doi.org)
  49. ^ mental health services (doi.org)
  50. ^ increase school safety and promote a positive school climate (rossier.usc.edu)
  51. ^ support the well-being of students (doi.org)
  52. ^ Helping schools become ready (doi.org)
  53. ^ comprehensive approach (doi.org)
  54. ^ lack the financial resources (www.brookings.edu)
  55. ^ new legislation (rollcall.com)
  56. ^ Schools have historically struggled (eric.ed.gov)
  57. ^ adequate number of counselors and social workers (doi.org)
  58. ^ Particularly as COVID-19 relief funds are drying up (fordhaminstitute.org)
  59. ^ could help fund those efforts (www2.ed.gov)
  60. ^ thrive (doi.org)

Authors: Elizabeth K. Anthony, Associate Professor of Social Work, Arizona State University

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