US moves to rename Army bases honoring Confederate generals who fought to defend slavery
- Written by Jeff South, Associate professor emeritus, Virginia Commonwealth University
For decades, nine U.S. Army bases have carried the names of men who fought against the U.S. Army – in a war waged to defend and perpetuate the slavery of people of African descent.
These military installations, all in Southern states, were named to honor such figures as Gen. Robert E. Lee[1], who commanded the Confederate Army; John Bell Hood[2], an associate of Lee’s known for being both brave and impetuous; and Leonidas Polk[3], an Episcopal bishop who, thanks to his friendship with Jefferson Davis, began the war as a major general. All three enslaved Black people.
Created by Congress in 2021 to recommend names that exemplify modern day U.S. military and national values, a federal panel[4] took a major step on May 24, 2022, toward removing this remnant of “lost cause” ideology[5].
That ideology is the discredited notion that the Confederacy’s rebellion was an honorable struggle for the Southern way of life and that what Confederates viewed as the “war of northern aggression” was over states’ rights, not slavery.
What the government called the Naming Commission proposed[6] rechristening nine of the Confederate-themed bases, mostly after men and women of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds – people who “would be inspirational to the soldiers and civilians who serve on our Army posts, and to the communities who support them.”
For example, Fort Lee in Virginia would become Fort Gregg-Adams in honor of Lt. Gen. Arthur Gregg[7] and Lt. Col. Charity Adams[8], African Americans who excelled at logistics and other military support functions during World War II.
Fort Hood in Texas would become Fort Cavazos, commemorating Richard Cavazos[9], who received the Purple Heart and other awards for valor in Vietnam and became the first Latino[10] to reach the rank of general.
And Fort Polk in Louisiana would become Fort Johnson in recognition of Sgt. William Henry Johnson[11], who was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart in 1996 and the Medal of Honor[12] in 2015 for heroism during World War I. As a Black man in the Jim Crow era, Johnson was denied[13] those honors during his military service.
“We wanted names and values that underpin the core responsibility of the military, to defend the Constitution of the United States,” said Michelle Howard, a retired Navy admiral who chairs the commission[14].
Unquestioned for too long
Four of the bases had been named for Confederate leaders at the start of World War I, and the others at the start of World War II.
Until recently, the military installations honoring Confederate leaders received little scrutiny from the media. As a newspaper reporter four decades ago, I gave the names[15] a free pass.
In 1981, I covered the Boy Scouts Jamboree[16] at Fort A.P. Hill in Virginia without mentioning that the base was named for a man who had turned against the United States[17] and fought to defend slavery.
Movement to rename the bases
In recent years, more Americans, including those living in the South, have reconsidered the use of Confederate iconography.
Such concerns escalated[18] in 2015 after Dylann Roof, a self-avowed white supremacist, shot and killed[19] nine Black people during a Bible study at a church in Charleston, South Carolina. Investigators later found a website[20] registered in the name of Roof containing images of Roof posing with the Confederate battle flag.
The issue gained momentum in the U.S. Congress after the George Floyd protests in 2020, when many communities[21] started taking down statues and renaming buildings that honored Confederate figures.
Congress included the creation of the Naming Commission in the 2021 National Defense Authorization Act. Then-President Donald Trump vetoed the bill[22], but Congress overrode the veto.
Coming up with new names
The Naming Commission received more than 34,000 suggestions from the public for new base names.
“Every name either originated from or resonated with the local communities,” said Ty Seidule, a retired Army general and the panel’s vice chair.
In addition to the previously mentioned names, the commission proposed renaming bases for:
Lt. Gen. Hal Moore[24], who served in Vietnam and other assignments, and his wife, Julia Moore[25], who has been an advocate for military families and reformed the military’s death notice procedures.
Dr. Mary Walker[27], the Army’s first female surgeon, who received the Medal of Honor for her service during the Civil War.
Sgt. Van Barfoot[28], a Choctaw Indian[29] who served in World War II, Korea and Vietnam.
Michael Novosel Sr.[30], a pilot who volunteered in his 40s to fight in Vietnam and subsequently rescued his son, who had been shot down and was stranded near the enemy. Novosel’s selection[31] recognizes “generational service,” the panel said.
The commission also proposed renaming Fort Bragg, North Carolina, as Fort Liberty[32].
Congress and the U.S. secretary of defense still must sign off[33] on the new names. But people like Troy Mosley, who for years has pushed to erase the Confederate names, is encouraged.
Mosley, who formed a group called Citizens Against Intolerance[34], said[35] the commission “did a fantastic job selecting name replacements from the rich tapestry of diverse and distinguished military service.”
To people who have anguished over the prevalence of Confederate symbols in the U.S., the commission’s proposals are long overdue.
References
- ^ Robert E. Lee (encyclopediavirginia.org)
- ^ John Bell Hood (www.history.com)
- ^ Leonidas Polk (www.nps.gov)
- ^ a federal panel (www.thenamingcommission.gov)
- ^ lost cause” ideology (www.britannica.com)
- ^ Naming Commission proposed (www.thenamingcommission.gov)
- ^ Lt. Gen. Arthur Gregg (www.moaa.org)
- ^ Lt. Col. Charity Adams (www.thenmusa.org)
- ^ Richard Cavazos (www.nbcnews.com)
- ^ became the first Latino (valor.militarytimes.com)
- ^ Sgt. William Henry Johnson (www.cmohs.org)
- ^ Medal of Honor (www.defense.gov)
- ^ Johnson was denied (www.smithsonianmag.com)
- ^ who chairs the commission (www.thenamingcommission.gov)
- ^ I gave the names (robertson.vcu.edu)
- ^ Boy Scouts Jamboree (oa-bsa.org)
- ^ man who had turned against the United States (www.battlefields.org)
- ^ Such concerns escalated (www.ajc.com)
- ^ shot and killed (www.nbcnews.com)
- ^ found a website (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ when many communities (www.npr.org)
- ^ vetoed the bill (fcw.com)
- ^ Mathew Brady/Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ Lt. Gen. Hal Moore (www.army.mil)
- ^ Julia Moore (www.fortmoore.com)
- ^ Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower (www.whitehouse.gov)
- ^ Dr. Mary Walker (www.army.mil)
- ^ Sgt. Van Barfoot (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ Choctaw Indian (www.army.mil)
- ^ Michael Novosel Sr. (memory.loc.gov)
- ^ Novosel’s selection (www.cmohs.org)
- ^ as Fort Liberty (www.armytimes.com)
- ^ still must sign off (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ Citizens Against Intolerance (www.citizensagainstintolerance.org)
- ^ said (www.facebook.com)
Authors: Jeff South, Associate professor emeritus, Virginia Commonwealth University
