William Tecumseh Sherman knew the enduring cruelty of war

When Confederate forces fired on U.S. troops at Fort Sumter in April 1861, the Civil War began – bringing death and destruction to much of the nation. Currier & Ives via Library of Congress^[13]

Civil War

At the outbreak of the Civil War, Sherman re-entered the U.S. Army^[14] as a colonel of infantry. He secured command of a brigade^[15] in the field, and led his unit well at the Battle of Bull Run^[16], despite the victory for Confederate forces. From Bull Run, Sherman rose in rank until he commanded vast Union armies on campaign.

Through it all, Sherman witnessed war’s devastation. But contrary to popular myth, he was not indifferent to it or cruel^[17] himself. When Sherman captured Atlanta in September 1864, he insisted that civilians be evacuated from the city and offered assistance. City council members protested, deploring the hardships an evacuation would entail.

In his reply to the mayor of Atlanta, Sherman noted horrific losses^[18] civilians elsewhere had endured throughout the war, many of which were suffered at the hands of Confederate soldiers and resulted from Confederate policy. He cited^[19] the hypocrisy of the council’s appeal:

“I myself have seen in Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mississippi hundreds and thousands of women and children fleeing from your armies and desperadoes, hungry and with bleeding feet. In Memphis, Vicksburg, and Mississippi we fed thousands upon thousands of the families of Rebel Soldiers left on our hands and whom we could not see starve. Now that war comes home to you, you feel very different. You deprecate its horrors, but did not feel them when you sent car-loads of soldiers and ammunition … to carry on war into Kentucky & Tennessee, & desolate the homes of hundreds & thousands of good People who only asked to live in Peace at their old homes, and under the Government of their inheritance.”

After they evacuated Atlanta’s inhabitants, Sherman’s columns marched to the sea, captured Savannah, and established a new base of operations^[20] on the eastern seaboard. The campaign became infamous^[21] in the post-war South for atrocities Sherman and his men were alleged to have committed against civilians, but claims of war crimes are exaggerated^[22]. In fact, Sherman restrained his troops from committing greater depredations.

Driven from their homes, refugees from Ukraine await aid in Poland. AP Photo/Markus Schreiber^[23]

The cruelty of war

The historical omnipresence and cruel nature of war are facts even seasoned international relations experts now confront anew. The truth that “war is hell” – as Sherman probably declared^[24] to veterans in 1880 – is no less true in 2022 than it was in 1864.

Newfangled concepts of “hybrid^[25],” “gray-zone” and other theories of contemporary warfare – in which lethal violence is less pronounced – are proving flawed in theory^[26] and in fact^[27]. War on the ground still devastates troops, civilians and homes, and determines the destinies^[28] of nations. None feel these realities more severely than the Ukrainians, whose homes, hospitals, cities and villages Russian military forces are reducing to ashes through indiscriminate and lethal firepower.

The loss of any home was a terrible fact of war with which Sherman empathized. Writing in 1862 to his daughter, Minnie, from Memphis, Tennessee, Sherman described the cruel nature of war^[29] with poignancy: “I have been forced,” he wrote,

“To turn ‘families’ out of their houses and homes and force them to go to a strange land because of their hostility, and I have today been compelled to order soldiers to lay hands on women to force them to leave their homes to go join their husbands in hostile camps. Think of this, and how cruel men become in war when even your papa has to do such acts.”

“Pray every night,” Sherman continued^[30], “that this war may end; not that you want me home, but that our whole people may not become robbers and murderers.” It is a prayer, one suspects, uttered by many scores of Ukrainian and Russian children.

People dig a grave to bury a casualty of the fighting between Russian and Ukrainian forces. AP Photo/Alexei Alexandrov^[31]

‘A more perfect peace’

Because Sherman grasped war’s inherent violence, he labored to end the Civil War swiftly. Sherman did not delight in human suffering. He did not revel in destroying enemy property. In fact, Sherman was a moralist^[32] whose use of state-sanctioned violence flowed from ethical and humanitarian concerns^[33].

Sherman believed^[34] that it was more ethical to destroy enemy infrastructure and materiel than to kill human beings. Just as he grasped war’s cruelty, Sherman understood the need to wage war with overwhelming force, all with the purpose to end hostilities as quickly as circumstances might permit.

Deeper knowledge of William Sherman and of armed conflict will better equip leaders in the West to confront the true nature of future war. Then, when war invariably comes, Americans will be better prepared to secure the “more perfect peace^[35]” for which Sherman hoped – and which he believed was war’s true “object^[36].”

[Understand key political developments, each week. Subscribe to The Conversation’s politics newsletter^[37].]

Authors: Mitchell G. Klingenberg, Postdoctoral Fellow and Instructor of Military Strategy, Planning, and Operations, United States Army War College

Read more https://theconversation.com/william-tecumseh-sherman-knew-the-enduring-cruelty-of-war-180207

• Prev
• Next