New forms of advertising raise questions about journalism integrity
- Written by Michelle A. Amazeen, Associate Professor of Mass Communication, Boston University
Mainstream news media outlets have, in recent years, begun to create advertisements that look like news articles[1] on their websites and on social media. My research[2] raises questions about whether this modern form of advertising might influence those outlets’ real journalism.
These specific advertisements are called “native advertising,” but are also tagged as “sponsored content[3],” “partner post” or other labels consumers don’t understand[4]. They look like news articles, with headlines, photos with captions and polished text. But really they are ads created by, or on behalf of, a paying advertiser.
With declining revenue from traditional display advertising and classified ads, news outlets are increasingly relying on[5] native advertising – a sector in which U.S. spending was expected to reach $57 billion by the end of 2021[6].
Fashion[7] and entertainment[8] companies buy native advertising. So do corporations that produce products with potentially significant environmental or health connections, such as fossil fuels[9], opioid medications[10] and cigarettes[11] – including in attempts to counter negative news coverage[12].
Deceiving audiences
In one example from spring 2021, Philip Morris International – the tobacco company – ran a native advertising campaign across many media outlets, including The Boston Globe[13], The New York Times[14], Reuters[15] and The Washington Post[16].
The ads complained about the “disinformation campaigns that muddy the truth[17]” regarding the benefits of vaping products while themselves muddying the truth.
In the past, the tobacco industry sought to manufacture public uncertainty[18] about the harms of its products. This time, Philip Morris is using a practice that media critics[19] say is deceptive and media scholar Victor Pickard calls “subterfuge … creating confusion between editorial and advertising content[20],” to make claims about the benefits of its products.
These advertisements that look like real news are labeled as ads[23], as required by the Federal Trade Commission. But research studies[24] have repeatedly[25] shown[26] that those labels are largely ineffective at helping readers distinguish between the two types of content.
Made by journalists
Many media companies have created content[27] studios[28], separate from their newsrooms, to create native advertising[29] on behalf of corporate and special interest groups. While newspapers traditionally had ad departments that designed and mocked up advertisements for their clients, today’s native ads are in the form of a “story” that often does not focus on – and sometimes does not even mention[30] – its sponsor in order to resemble the seemingly objective journalism it imitates.
Sometimes those efforts have the help of intermediaries such as so-called “product marketing” teams that work between the newsroom and studios. A former “creative strategist” at The New York Times says that arrangement allows publishers “to skirt the implication that news staff work directly with brands to craft commercial content[31].” In other cases, journalists write for both the newsroom[32] and their publisher’s content studio[33].
Because native advertising typically has no bylines[34], most people are unaware that advertisements may be created in such close connection with mainstream newsrooms. Former[35] employees[36], including a former executive editor of The New York Times[37], say most publishers are not transparent about it with their audiences. One digital journalist told researchers, “Some people will say the ad is labeled so it’s not bad. That’s crap … the unsophisticated won’t get it and then they’ll click on something meant to look exactly like a story[38]. That’s a problem.”
Disappearing disclosures
When native ads are shared on social media[39], they’re often distributed in ways that further confuse or deceive audiences.
The Wall Street Journal, for instance, has retweeted posts from its Custom Content studio[40] from the same Twitter account that promotes its news content. While this particular retweet disclosed the commercial nature of the original tweet, this is not always the case.
More than half the time, the FTC-required advertising disclosures disappear when the content leaves the publisher’s website and is shared on Facebook[41] and Twitter[42]. For example, when I recently shared an American Petroleum Institute native ad[43] on Twitter, the disclosure disappeared – a violation of the FTC’s labeling mandate.
I believe it is the responsibility of publishers, not consumers[44], to ensure that sponsored content is accurately labeled when shared online. Otherwise, people will amplify[45] undisclosed commercial content they think is genuine news[46].
Suppressing news coverage?
I have another concern about this type of potentially deceptive advertising. Since as early as 1869[47], anecdotal[48] evidence[49] has indicated that reporters are hesitant to write about advertisers that are lucrative to their news outlet. My recent research[50] with digital advertising scholar Chris Vargo[51] signals that similar concerns may occur with this new form of advertising.
We counted all the native advertisements between 2014 and 2019 we could find from The New York Times, The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal, by looking at native ads those news outlets posted on Twitter and with a custom search process we built on top of Bing. We noted what dates the native ads were published and what company sponsored them.
We also used the GDELT database[52], which collects online news stories from those three outlets and many other mainstream, partisan, and emerging news sites across the U.S. In that data, we noted the number and dates of news stories naming major companies.
We found 27 companies for which there was enough information in both data sets to make a meaningful connection. For each of those 27 companies, we charted how many mentions they had in news stories over time, and compared those time periods with the timing of that company’s releases of native advertising.
We found that for 16 of the companies, news coverage noticeably decreased after a native advertisement was published. For just three companies, news coverage noticeably increased after a native ad was published.
These results suggest that advertiser-driven “news” stories – written and approved by paying sponsors[53] – often go unchallenged.
For example, Wells Fargo – a multinational financial services company plagued by a litany of scandals[54], such as deceiving customers with fake bank accounts[55] – engaged the content studios of The New York Times, The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal to create nearly a dozen native ads. One, created by The Washington Post’s BrandStudio, touted how Wells Fargo was investing in a cleaner environmental future[56]. If it had been a real news article, it would have reported that the company was also financing the controversial underground oil transport system, the Dakota Access Pipeline[57].
Our study found statistically less reporting on Wells Fargo not only within those three elite news organizations but across all U.S. online media following the native advertising campaigns.
[Over 140,000 readers rely on The Conversation’s newsletters to understand the world. Sign up today[58].]
Native ads are potentially very deceptive to consumers, in their content, their presentation and how they are shared on social media. Our research does not prove a direct connection, but when we add it to the anecdotes that news management discourages stories critical of important advertisers[59], we also wonder about the power of native ads over journalists’ supposedly independent decisions regarding what to cover and when.
References
- ^ create advertisements that look like news articles (www.orbooks.com)
- ^ My research (ijoc.org)
- ^ sponsored content (www.orbooks.com)
- ^ consumers don’t understand (doi.org)
- ^ increasingly relying on (www.orbooks.com)
- ^ $57 billion by the end of 2021 (www.outbrain.com)
- ^ Fashion (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ entertainment (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ fossil fuels (www.thenation.com)
- ^ opioid medications (www.statnews.com)
- ^ cigarettes (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ counter negative news coverage (doi.org)
- ^ The Boston Globe (sponsored.bostonglobe.com)
- ^ The New York Times (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ Reuters (www.reuters.com)
- ^ The Washington Post (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ disinformation campaigns that muddy the truth (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ manufacture public uncertainty (global.oup.com)
- ^ media critics (www.theguardian.com)
- ^ subterfuge … creating confusion between editorial and advertising content (archives.cjr.org)
- ^ Washington Post (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ CC BY-ND (creativecommons.org)
- ^ labeled as ads (www.ftc.gov)
- ^ research studies (www.doi.org)
- ^ repeatedly (www.doi.org)
- ^ shown (doi.org)
- ^ content (thetrust.wsjbarrons.com)
- ^ studios (www.tbrandstudio.com)
- ^ create native advertising (mediashift.org)
- ^ does not even mention (doi.org)
- ^ to skirt the implication that news staff work directly with brands to craft commercial content (www.cjr.org)
- ^ both the newsroom (thebaffler.com)
- ^ and their publisher’s content studio (www.opendemocracy.net)
- ^ no bylines (www.cjr.org)
- ^ Former (www.cjr.org)
- ^ employees (www.cjr.org)
- ^ former executive editor of The New York Times (nymag.com)
- ^ they’ll click on something meant to look exactly like a story (doi.org)
- ^ shared on social media (www.cjr.org)
- ^ retweeted posts from its Custom Content studio (twitter.com)
- ^ Facebook (doi.org)
- ^ Twitter (doi.org)
- ^ American Petroleum Institute native ad (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ responsibility of publishers, not consumers (doi.org)
- ^ people will amplify (hal.inria.fr)
- ^ they think is genuine news (doi.org)
- ^ Since as early as 1869 (doi.org)
- ^ anecdotal (doi.org)
- ^ evidence (doi.org)
- ^ recent research (ijoc.org)
- ^ digital advertising scholar Chris Vargo (www.colorado.edu)
- ^ GDELT database (github.com)
- ^ written and approved by paying sponsors (www.thenation.com)
- ^ litany of scandals (en.wikipedia.org)
- ^ deceiving customers with fake bank accounts (www.nytimes.com)
- ^ investing in a cleaner environmental future (www.washingtonpost.com)
- ^ the controversial underground oil transport system, the Dakota Access Pipeline (www.yesmagazine.org)
- ^ Sign up today (memberservices.theconversation.com)
- ^ news management discourages stories critical of important advertisers (global.oup.com)
Authors: Michelle A. Amazeen, Associate Professor of Mass Communication, Boston University
