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Gunboat diplomacy: How classic naval coercion has evolved into hybrid warfare on the water

  • Written by Andrew Latham, Professor of Political Science, Macalester College
Gunboat diplomacy: How classic naval coercion has evolved into hybrid warfare on the waterThe USS Sampson docks at the Amador International Cruise Terminal in Panama City on Sept. 2, 2025.Daniel Gonzalez/Anadolu via Getty Images

Over the summer, the United States deployed warships to the Caribbean – ostensibly to menace drug traffickers but also as a none-too-subtle warning to Venezuela. Earlier in the year, a U.S. Navy destroyer b...

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