.

  • Written by Peter Richards, Adjunct Professor, George Washington University

Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro confirmed his country’s participation in a virtual climate summit[1] convened by the U.S. for April 22 and 23, vowing in a recent letter to U.S. President Joe Biden to end illegal deforestation in Brazil by 2030 – a striking about-face from a longtime adversary to the country’s environmental policies.

But Bolsonaro warned that Brazil will need “massive resources”, including considerable financial help, to protect the Amazon. Brazil is currently in the midst of a deadly wave of the COVID-19 pandemic[2], and its economy shrunk by a record 5.8%[3] last year. The Biden administration, meanwhile, is considering paying Brazil to protect its environment[4].

But not so long ago, both Brazil’s economy and its Amazon were prospering.

In 2014, Brazil was closing out nearly a decade of continuous economic growth[5]. Per capita GDP[6] – the total value of the economy divided among the population – had grown by 400% in just 10 years and economic inequality was falling to record lows in a country that long had the world’s largest gap between rich and poor. Between 2004 and 2014, some 35 million Brazilians joined the ranks of the middle class[7].

As Brazil’s economy thrived, deforestation in the Amazon[8] slowed. Deforestation levels in 2012 were one-sixth of what they were in 2004[9]. Back then, falling deforestation rates were hailed as a testament to the country’s prowess[10] in environmental policymaking.

But after nearly a decade of researching and writing about Amazon forest loss[11], I’ve become convinced that Brazil’s successes in reducing deforestation a decade earlier likely had just as much to do with basic economics as environmental policy.

Rise and fall of deforestation

Forest loss in the Amazon has long reflected Brazil’s economic health.

For much of the late 20th century, when Brazil’s economy boomed, the federal government redirected public investment to the Amazon. Many of these investments – the massive land distribution programs of the 1980s[12], road projects[13] and the enormous public subsidies for farming and ranching – were closely associated with forest loss.

So, in the 20th century, when Brazil’s economy boomed, deforestation often followed.

Today, however, forest loss in Brazil’s Amazon tends to be more closely associated with international demand for commodities like soybeans, beef and gold than with government investments. And for farmers, prices for these commodities don’t just rise and fall with global demand. They also rise and fall inversely to Brazil’s economic health.

The underlying economic reasons for this connection are complicated[14]. But in short, it has to do with how the value of Brazil’s currency, the real, affects farmers who grow animals or crops for export.

Of currencies and commodities

That’s because, historically, when Brazil’s economy struggles, its currency loses value against the U.S. dollar – the currency of international markets.

About 20% of Brazil’s beef and more than 80% of its soybeans are exported. For Brazilian farmers and ranchers who contribute to these export markets – including many who live or operate in the Amazon region – a struggling domestic economy and weak currency is actually a plus. It means that when foreign buyers purchase Brazilian exports in dollars, Brazilian farmers are being paid more in their local currency.

This gives them more money – money that can potentially be used for purchasing and clearing forested land[15]. A lucrative export market is also a compelling reason to start purchasing and clearing new land.

Brazil’s economic crisis, prolonged by COVID-19, poses an enormous challenge to the Amazon Agriculture is the main cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Nacho Doce/Reuters[16]

Conversely, when the economy is strong, so is the Brazilian real. For Amazonian farmers in Brazil, that means less money earned, less to invest in clearing forests and less incentive to clear new land.

A decade ago, when Brazil’s economy was working well[17] and the real was particularly strong[18], economic growth, nationally, was putting a brake on deforestation by suppressing farmers’ and ranchers’ profits[19].

Economic crises are environmental crises

The economic brakes that once guarded against Amazon deforestation have come off.

In 2015 Brazil entered a severe recession[20]. Now in its sixth consecutive year of slow or even negative economic growth, the Brazilian economy remains beset by lower global commodity prices[21] and a rising deficit[22]. Poverty is rising. Per capita GDP today is now about US$1,000 less per person than it was a decade ago[23].

Meanwhile, Brazil is one of the countries worst hit by COVID-19, with 4,000 people dying on its worst days[24]. The pandemic is prolonged and exacerbating the country’s economic crisis.

Residents receive meals at a soup kitchen in Sao Paulo. Residents receive meals at a soup kitchen in the Paraisopolis favela, in Sao Paulo, Brazil, on Jan. 28, 2021. Nelson Almeida/AFP via Getty Images[25]

Today, valued at about 18 U.S. cents, the real sits at a record low[26]. The last time the real was this low was in 2003 – another year, not coincidentally, that deforestation in the Amazon surged.

The weak Brazilian currency has pushed prices for soybeans[27], beef[28] and gold[29] to heights which, 10 years ago, would have astounded. Soybean prices are five times higher than they were 15 years ago. Beef and gold prices are more than triple. For the farmers, ranchers and prospectors who work in the Amazon or at its periphery, these are very profitable times.

Last year, deforestation in the Amazon reached its highest level[30] in over a decade. Unless something changes, I expect more land-clearing forest fires this July and August, when the Amazon’s dry season reaches its apex.

To end deforestation, fix Brazil’s economy

In today’s globalized economic system, the fates of Brazil’s economy and the Amazon forest are linked.

Brazil’s current economic crisis rewards the Amazon’s ranchers, gold prospectors[31] and farmers with higher profits, creating serious financial incentives to clear more land. By some estimates, such fires in Brazil account for 70% of the country’s total greenhouse gas emissions[32].

[Over 100,000 readers rely on The Conversation’s newsletter to understand the world. Sign up today[33].]

The global debate about how to best protect the Amazon has largely focused on concerns over the state of Brazilian environmental policy[34] under President Bolsonaro. My research suggests the need to strengthen Brazil’s economy should be a critical part of these discussions.

When Brazil’s economy struggles, its farmers and ranchers will reap – and the Amazon will suffer.

References

  1. ^ confirmed his country’s participation in a virtual climate summit (www.cnn.com)
  2. ^ of a deadly wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (www.npr.org)
  3. ^ shrunk by a record 5.8% (www.imf.org)
  4. ^ Brazil to protect its environment (www.theguardian.com)
  5. ^ economic growth (fred.stlouisfed.org)
  6. ^ Per capita GDP (data.worldbank.org)
  7. ^ joined the ranks of the middle class (www.theguardian.com)
  8. ^ deforestation in the Amazon (science.sciencemag.org)
  9. ^ one-sixth of what they were in 2004 (www.obt.inpe.br)
  10. ^ country’s prowess (doi.org)
  11. ^ researching and writing about Amazon forest loss (scholar.google.com)
  12. ^ the massive land distribution programs of the 1980s (news.mongabay.com)
  13. ^ road projects (doi.org)
  14. ^ economic reasons for this connection are complicated (theconversation.com)
  15. ^ purchasing and clearing forested land (iopscience.iop.org)
  16. ^ Nacho Doce/Reuters (pictures.reuters.com)
  17. ^ Brazil’s economy was working well (fred.stlouisfed.org)
  18. ^ was particularly strong (fred.stlouisfed.org)
  19. ^ suppressing farmers’ and ranchers’ profits (doi.org)
  20. ^ Brazil entered a severe recession (theconversation.com)
  21. ^ lower global commodity prices (www.ecb.europa.eu)
  22. ^ rising deficit (fred.stlouisfed.org)
  23. ^ it was a decade ago (tradingeconomics.com)
  24. ^ 4,000 people dying on its worst days (www.npr.org)
  25. ^ Nelson Almeida/AFP via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
  26. ^ at a record low (fred.stlouisfed.org)
  27. ^ soybeans (www.cepea.esalq.usp.br)
  28. ^ beef (www.cepea.esalq.usp.br)
  29. ^ gold (goldprice.org)
  30. ^ its highest level (www.nature.com)
  31. ^ gold prospectors (www.sapiens.org)
  32. ^ 70% of the country’s total greenhouse gas emissions (www.edf.org)
  33. ^ Sign up today (theconversation.com)
  34. ^ state of Brazilian environmental policy (theconversation.com)

Authors: Peter Richards, Adjunct Professor, George Washington University

Read more https://theconversation.com/brazils-economic-crisis-prolonged-by-covid-19-poses-an-enormous-challenge-to-the-amazon-157556

Metropolitan republishes selected articles from The Conversation USA with permission

Visit The Conversation to see more