.

  • Written by Dr. David P. Weber, Professor of the Practice in Fraud and Forensic Accounting, Salisbury University
Why gift cards fall into a gap in the 2-tier banking regulation system − and a brief history of why that gap exists

Protections against banking fraud in the U.S. have never been able to keep pace with criminals.

The reason why has its roots in the start of the national banking system[1] proposed by Abraham Lincoln and created by Congress in 1863.

Until the mid-Civil War, the U.S. didn’t have its own federal currency. Banks were free to create their own paper money, subject only to state law, which varied dramatically. One-third of all paper money circulating before the Civil War was likely counterfeit[2], resulting in currency mayhem.

Lincoln’s goal was to create the nation’s first federal paper currency – national bank notes[3] that only newly approved national banks could issue, subject to regulation by the United States’ first financial regulator, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency[4].

To secure the new federal currency, these national banks were required to purchase interest-bearing U.S. government bonds from the U.S. Treasury.

a black and white drawing of a high-ceilinged room containing two rows of printing machines and people tending them
An illustration showing federal currency being printed in the U.S. Treasury, from the 1874 book ‘Ten Years in Washington’ by Mary Clemmer Ames. Bettmann via Getty Images[5]

This financed the Union Army, but it accidentally created a dual banking system[6]. At the time, the wartime Congress thought state-chartered banks would go away, choosing to become national banks that could issue federal currency.

Congress was wrong.

The ensuing dual banking system, with no single regulator in charge[7] of policing all banks, still exists today.

State banks couldn’t issue the new federal currency. Soon, Congress enacted a federal tax on state bank paper currency[8] in an attempt to drive state banks out of business.

The front and back of a fifty dollar note. Front view includes two scenes includes these words: this note is secured by bonds. The back is printed mostly in green ink. A national bank note issued by the First National Bank of Cleveland in 1863, the first year national banks could issue currency under the National Bank Act. This U.S. national currency was protected by collateral; in this case, bonds. U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency[9]

To stay in business, state banks needed to issue new financial products. The first one, which came during the Civil War[10], was what eventually became known as the check[11].

Since then, state and federal regulators have competed[12] to find ways to earn different streams of income.

Again and again, as criminals began finding ways to defraud banks, Congress and regulators addressed the complaints, but piecemeal. And in this game of regulatory “whack-a-mole,” banks attempted to stay at least one step ahead.

In 2009, then-Senate Banking Committee Chair Christopher Dodd called banking regulation a “race to the bottom[13].”

When credit card abuses came to light, Congress amended the Truth in Lending Act[14], causing the Federal Reserve to change Regulation Z[15], which protects consumers from unfair lending practices. The adjustment required banks to provide refunds for transactions that credit card holders hadn’t authorized. This led to losses to banks’ bottom lines.

Banks then created debit cards. When consumers began to lose money through debit card fraud, Congress passed amendments[16] to the Electronic Fund Transfer Act[17], causing the Fed to adjust Regulation E[18], which protects consumers from unauthorized or incorrect electronic fund transfers. This adjustment added similar consumer protections for fraudulent debit card transactions.

But by then, the industry was moving to a new payment innovation – gift cards, served up without the fraud protections for consumers offered by debit and credit cards, even though many of those gift cards have the word “debit” printed on them.

Today, regulators and Congress are still trying to catch up to the fraudsters.

Read The Conversation’s investigation into gift card fraud here: Gift card scams generate billions for fraudsters and industry as regulators fail to protect consumers − and how one 83-year-old fell into the ‘fear bubble’[19]

References

  1. ^ the national banking system (www.federalreservehistory.org)
  2. ^ likely counterfeit (www.usmarshals.gov)
  3. ^ national bank notes (www.bep.gov)
  4. ^ Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (www.occ.treas.gov)
  5. ^ Bettmann via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
  6. ^ dual banking system (www.occ.treas.gov)
  7. ^ no single regulator in charge (www.occ.treas.gov)
  8. ^ Soon, Congress enacted a federal tax on state bank paper currency (www.federalreservehistory.org)
  9. ^ U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (en.wikipedia.org)
  10. ^ during the Civil War (www.atlantafed.org)
  11. ^ became known as the check (www.atlantafed.org)
  12. ^ have competed (www.jstor.org)
  13. ^ race to the bottom (www.banking.senate.gov)
  14. ^ Truth in Lending Act (www.ftc.gov)
  15. ^ Regulation Z (www.consumerfinance.gov)
  16. ^ passed amendments (www.consumerfinance.gov)
  17. ^ Electronic Fund Transfer Act (www.ftc.gov)
  18. ^ Regulation E (www.consumerfinance.gov)
  19. ^ Gift card scams generate billions for fraudsters and industry as regulators fail to protect consumers − and how one 83-year-old fell into the ‘fear bubble’ (theconversation.com)

Authors: Dr. David P. Weber, Professor of the Practice in Fraud and Forensic Accounting, Salisbury University

Read more https://theconversation.com/why-gift-cards-fall-into-a-gap-in-the-2-tier-banking-regulation-system-and-a-brief-history-of-why-that-gap-exists-236478

Metropolitan republishes selected articles from The Conversation USA with permission

Visit The Conversation to see more