Pets give companionship, cuddles and joy – and also unavoidable stresses
- Written by Emily Hemendinger, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
Owning a pet can be a roller coaster. There are the highs, like when your dog greets you with a full-body wiggle when you return home, or when your cat purrs loudly as you cuddle next to one another. Then there are the lows, like stressful trips to urgent care, waking up to that unpleasant vomiting noise, or making the difficult choice to say goodbye because of medical problems or even intractable behavioral issues.
For those pet-owners who are struggling, it’s beneficial to their mental health to acknowledge that pets can create stress and that some animals are more work than others.
Research has shown that both cats and dogs can have equally positive impacts on mental health[1].
Pets may be helpful[2] at reducing stress, anxiety and feelings of being overwhelmed, including in children. Pet ownership has also been shown to improve well-being by instilling people with a sense of purpose and responsibility[3].
As a licensed clinical social worker[4], animal lover and proud dog mom[5], I have both professionally and personally[6] seen the mental health impacts of having animal companions.
Media stories commonly cover the positives of pet ownership[7]. But the hardships and downsides of owning a pet are not discussed as often. For instance, while there are many positive aspects to pet ownership, some research is showing that pets may lead to exacerbated mental health concerns[8] or even sleep issues[9].
Whether you’re adopting or shopping, pets can bring a full range of emotions into our lives. Research has even shown that pets may benefit non-pet owners[10] around them as well.
How pets can enrich our lives
A pet owner may easily be able to tick off an infinite number of positive effects their fuzzy companion has had on their life. Research backs them up.
Pets can provide constant companionship for individuals and families. This is particularly true for older adults[11]. There was an uptick in adoptions of pets during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic[12]. Many people benefited from pets during periods of stay-at-home[13] mandates and quarantines.
Pet adoptions soared during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. But many owners then found themselves struggling with the rising costs of care.Research shows that dogs can reduce loneliness[14] in their owners. In fact, being accompanied by a dog may even make you seem more approachable[15].
Pets, especially dogs, may help improve one’s ability to socialize and feel connected with others[16], as well as increasing the prospects for social interactions. People may bond over the experience of having pets, socialize at the dog park, or even meet up at the local cat café.
Animals and pets have also been used to assist in detecting the onset symptoms of medical episodes, including seizures[17]. Animal-assisted therapy and pet therapy have shown promise[18] in improving symptom management and overall quality of life in a number of conditions, including trauma and stressor-related disorders[19], anxiety disorders[20], eating disorders[21], autism[22], traumatic brain injuries[23], neurological disorders[24] and more.
There are ample benefits to pet ownership.The inherent stressors
Despite the many positive impacts of pet ownership, it also can have negative impacts. For example, one survey found that 47% of Americans felt separation anxiety[25] when leaving their dogs at home.
The survey also found that 41% of pet owners declined social invitations because they did not want to leave their dog at home, and that 70% of pet owners would prefer to work remotely so they could stay at home with their pet. Pet owners have also identified feeling anxious about their pet getting sick or running away, or the risk that they might harm the animal unintentionally.
Stress from pet ownership is common. There’s the stress of house-training and making sure the pet is getting enough enrichment – both physically and mentally. Then there are the challenges associated with vet appointments and navigating illness, as well as financial stressors and finding pet sitters.
Another element of pet ownership that people often don’t talk about is the stress, and often shame[26], that owners with reactive dogs[27] experience from walking their dog, having people over to the house or having their dog around children.
Finally, there’s the reality that our pet companions live shorter lives than we do, leading to end-of-life planning, expensive treatments for older-age ailments, and, of course, the grief that will be felt from the loss of a pet. For some people, the loss of a pet may feel worse than human loss[28].
People may judge or criticize pet owners for an “overblown” grief reaction. The common experience of invalidation and lack of acknowledgment related to grief around pet loss – similar to the grief felt from divorce and miscarriage – is categorized as disenfranchised grief[29]. This term refers to grief that is not acknowledged, validated or accepted socially.
Strings attached
Pet owners, especially post-pandemic, have reported high levels of guilt[31] related to leaving their pets at home while at work or social events. Some of this guilt may be related to concerns about providing insufficient attention to the pet or about the pet’s health. This guilt has even been shown[32] to be similar to the feeling human parents have concerning their human children.
As someone who adores their dog, I can relate to the guilt of leaving him alone. To complicate things, my dog has joint issues, anxiety and discoid lupus[33], a type of lupus that affects the skin on his nose. He can also be reactive. All of these aspects require me to provide extra care. When friends invalidate my worries and guilt, it can feel isolating and shaming.
And I’m not alone in these feelings. Overall, when there is a lack of consideration for the complex feelings pet owners experience, the invalidation and disenfranchised feelings can lead to depression, anxiety[34], feelings of being isolated[35] and worsened quality of life[36].
Many pet owners report feeling unsupported and invalidated when it comes to the grief around illness, loss and other complicated issues that come with pet ownership.
LWA/DigitalVision via Getty Images[37]
Finding support
The human-animal bond is unique, with humans receiving unconditional love and full acceptance from their animal companion. When society can honor and respect this bond through validation, patience and compassion, it not only helps pet owners but also the clinicians who treat the animals[38].
Employers can be supportive[39] by continuing to provide remote and hybrid work options, flexibility in scheduling and opportunities for employees to feel validated and receive support. If a loved one is experiencing guilt around leaving their dog at home or a friend is having anxiety about their cat’s health, instead of minimizing their experience, try talking to them and asking how best to support them through their distress.
Another support tool is encouraging pet owners to practice self-compassion[40] and mindfulness, being present and focusing on the time they do have with their pet.
Pets can bring infinite joy and companionship to our lives, whether that’s through pet ownership, fostering, volunteering or engaging in animal-assisted therapy.
It remains important, however, to acknowledge the stressors and difficulties pet owners face. After all, the ups and downs of pet ownership, just like the ups and downs of the human experience, are what make life and relationships that much more meaningful.
References
- ^ equally positive impacts on mental health (www.psychiatry.org)
- ^ may be helpful (newsinhealth.nih.gov)
- ^ sense of purpose and responsibility (www.forbes.com)
- ^ licensed clinical social worker (som.cuanschutz.edu)
- ^ proud dog mom (www.youtube.com)
- ^ professionally and personally (www.youtube.com)
- ^ positives of pet ownership (www.cnn.com)
- ^ exacerbated mental health concerns (theconversation.com)
- ^ sleep issues (theconversation.com)
- ^ pets may benefit non-pet owners (doi.org)
- ^ for older adults (doi.org)
- ^ during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic (www.aspca.org)
- ^ during periods of stay-at-home (doi.org)
- ^ dogs can reduce loneliness (theconversation.com)
- ^ make you seem more approachable (doi.org)
- ^ socialize and feel connected with others (doi.org)
- ^ including seizures (www.scientificamerican.com)
- ^ have shown promise (theconversation.com)
- ^ trauma and stressor-related disorders (doi.org)
- ^ anxiety disorders (doi.org)
- ^ eating disorders (doi.org)
- ^ autism (doi.org)
- ^ traumatic brain injuries (doi.org)
- ^ neurological disorders (www.scientificamerican.com)
- ^ felt separation anxiety (www.certapet.com)
- ^ is the stress, and often shame (www.tandfonline.com)
- ^ reactive dogs (www.akc.org)
- ^ may feel worse than human loss (theconversation.com)
- ^ disenfranchised grief (www.usatoday.com)
- ^ Thomas Northcut/DigitalVision via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ have reported high levels of guilt (doi.org)
- ^ has even been shown (dx.doi.org)
- ^ discoid lupus (vcahospitals.com)
- ^ lead to depression, anxiety (doi.org)
- ^ feelings of being isolated (doi.org)
- ^ worsened quality of life (doi.org)
- ^ LWA/DigitalVision via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ clinicians who treat the animals (doi.org)
- ^ can be supportive (doi.org)
- ^ practice self-compassion (doi.org)
Authors: Emily Hemendinger, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
