Chronic pain can be objectively measured using brain signals – new research
- Written by Prasad Shirvalkar, Associate Professor of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco
The Research Brief[1] is a short take about interesting academic work.
The big idea
Using a brain implant[2] that can record neural signals over many months, my research team[3] and I[4] have discovered objective biomarkers of chronic pain severity[5] in four patients with chronic pain as they went about their daily lives.
Pain is one of the most important and basic subjective experiences[6] a person can have. While there is plenty of evidence that perception of pain takes place in the brain[7], there is also a major knowledge gap regarding where and how pain signals are processed in the brain. Even though pain is universal, there has not been a way to objectively measure its intensity.
Most prior studies on the brain signals responsible for pain have relied on laboratory experiments in artificial environments[8]. Until now, most research on chronic pain has used indirect measures of brain activity such as functional magnetic resonance imaging[9] or electroencephalography[10]. Furthermore, although doctors widely recognize that chronic pain is not just an extension of acute pain – like stubbing your toe – it remains unknown how the brain circuits behind acute and chronic pain relate to each other.
Our study was part of a larger clinical trial[12] aimed at developing a new brain stimulation therapy to treat severe chronic pain. My team surgically implanted electrodes in the brains of four patients with post-stroke pain and phantom limb pain[13] to record neural signals in their orbitofrontal cortex[14], an area of the brain associated with planning and expectation, and cingulate cortex[15], an area associated with emotion.
We asked the patients about their pain severity levels several times a day for up to six months. We then built machine learning models to try to match and predict each patient’s self-reported pain intensity scores with snapshots of their brain activity signals. These brain signals consisted of electrical waves that could be decomposed into different frequencies, similar to how a musical chord can be broken down[16] into individual sounds of different pitches. From these models, we found that low frequencies in the orbitofrontal cortex[17] corresponded with each of the patients’ subjective pain intensities, providing an objective measure of chronic pain. The larger the shift in low-frequency activity we measured, the more likely the patient was experiencing intense pain.
Next, we wanted to compare the relationship between chronic pain and acute pain. We examined how the brain responded to short-term, intense pain caused by applying heat to the patients’ bodies. Based on data from two participants, we found that the anterior cingulate cortex was more involved in processing acute pain[18] than chronic pain. This experiment provides the first direct evidence that chronic pain involves information-processing areas of brain distinct from those involved in acute pain.
Why it matters
Chronic pain, defined as pain lasting more than three months, affects up to 1 in 5 people in the U.S.[19] In 2019, the incidence of chronic pain was more common than that of diabetes, high blood pressure or depression.
Neuropathic pain resulting from damage to the nervous system, such as stroke and phantom limb pain, often doesn’t respond to available treatments and can significantly impair physical and emotional function and quality of life. Better understanding how to measure brain activity to track pain could improve the diagnosis of chronic pain conditions and help develop new treatments such as deep brain stimulation[20].
Deep brain stimulation has been used to treat severe depression.What still isn’t known
Although our study provides a proof of concept that signals from specific brain regions can serve as an objective measure of chronic pain, it is more likely that pain signals are distributed over a wide brain network[21].
We still don’t know what other brain regions may harbor important pain signals that may more accurately reflect subjective pain. It is also unclear whether the signals we found would apply to patients with other pain conditions.
What’s next
We hope to use these newly discovered neural biomarkers to develop personalized brain stimulation[22] as a way to treat chronic pain disorders. This approach involves incorporating signals into tailored algorithms that would govern the timing and location of brain stimulation on demand, similar to how a thermostat operates.
References
- ^ Research Brief (theconversation.com)
- ^ brain implant (doi.org)
- ^ research team (shirvalkarlab.ucsf.edu)
- ^ and I (scholar.google.com)
- ^ objective biomarkers of chronic pain severity (www.nature.com)
- ^ important and basic subjective experiences (theconversation.com)
- ^ takes place in the brain (www.arthritis.org)
- ^ laboratory experiments in artificial environments (dx.doi.org)
- ^ functional magnetic resonance imaging (www.radiologyinfo.org)
- ^ electroencephalography (www.youtube.com)
- ^ Catherine McQueen/Moment via Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
- ^ larger clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov)
- ^ phantom limb pain (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
- ^ orbitofrontal cortex (doi.org)
- ^ cingulate cortex (doi.org)
- ^ musical chord can be broken down (doi.org)
- ^ low frequencies in the orbitofrontal cortex (www.nature.com)
- ^ processing acute pain (www.nature.com)
- ^ up to 1 in 5 people in the U.S. (doi.org)
- ^ deep brain stimulation (doi.org)
- ^ distributed over a wide brain network (doi.org)
- ^ personalized brain stimulation (theconversation.com)
Authors: Prasad Shirvalkar, Associate Professor of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco
